Suryansh Aryan

Space communication and navigation infrastructure has been a vital part in contributing to human civilization commercially and in achieving scientific endeavors in space exploration. The recent surge of attention towards the cislunar and lunar domains, along with scheduled missions until the next couple of decades, demands an understanding of space systems interactions for a sustainable, fault-tolerant lunar architecture. The LunaNet concept is a collaborative work between NASA, ESA and JAXA space agencies, representing the initial framework of interoperable standards and protocols for delivering communications and position, navigation, timing (CandPNT) services to users around the Moon. With LunaNet currently in the initial stages of the development phase, this thesis work aims to determine optimal CandPNT design architectures based on the communication and navigation performance of a stable Elliptical Lunar Frozen Orbit (ELFO) service constellation along with the Earth-Moon relay constellation models. The tradeoff space for the service constellations were explored with the sequential quadratic programming formulation and a multi-objective particle swarm heuristic search formulation to select diverse set of CandPNT designs. A simulation framework, termed SelenoNet, is designed to digitally model interactions within the CandPNT designs in a high-fidelity lunar environment to facilitate space network topology instantiation for emulating IP packets and BPv7 bundle transfers between lunar users and with Earth. Due to independent node instantiation of service satellites and users, SelenoNet can emulate satellite navigation broadcasts with Signal-In-Space errors (SISE) and clock errors to accurately determine precise point positioning for surface and orbiting lunar users. SelenoNet’s high-fidelity cislunar propagator is validated using the Ansys Systems Tool Kit (STK) High Precision Orbit Propagation (HPOP) solutions. The resultant optimal constellations’ CandPNT performance is evaluated and compared in SelenoNet to inform additional strategic performance for lunar surface ground stations, CandPNT design sensitivity and combinations of orbiting relay designs to maintain the quality of service (QoS).

With ever-growing advancements in the field of aerospace technology, there are much wider opportunities and capabilities emerging as a constant demand in terms of speed and accuracy. One of the major segments for any airborne mission is its Guidance–Navigation–Control technique which becomes very crucial for the aspects of speed and accuracy, especially for defense or highly complex missions such as missile launches, space missions, airstrikes, and many more. A controller technique that is much more accurate than its traditional counterparts like Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) Control and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), as well as constantly considering any instantaneous state measurement noises into account, is an irresistible demand and advantageous over other control techniques in use. A Model Predictive Controller (MPC) can smoothly handle actuator constraints, angle-of-attack constraints, and pitch-angle constraints which makes it more versatile and near perfect for practical nonlinear systems. However, for a real system in addition to the inefficiencies in sensor readings, an actuator control input itself acts as a randomly distributed variable. Therefore, a robust control scheme is designed to leverage stochastic MPC’s optimal bounded control while considering the stochastic nature of the system’s states as well as the system’s actuators. As an example, a real-world quadcopter is mathematically modeled in its nonlinear state space representation cascaded with a nonlinear discrete Kalman filter with distinct covariances for both state and control measurements, to estimate the distribution of the quadcopter states. This is followed by the nonlinear model predictive controller which acts based on the system’s guidance requirements on the perturbated states at each time instance for optimal reference path tracking. The MPC’s overall prediction horizon cost function forms an un-deterministic optimization problem due to the probabilistic distribution of actuator values that is tackled via chance-constraint programming, followed by a unique implementation of the active set method to solve the problem for the entire prediction horizon. The performance of the proposed stochastic MPC solver is compared with a tuned PID controller for a stochastic quadcopter model where the proposed controller’s capability of bounded and smooth inner-loop and outer-loop tracking is highlighted compared to the PID’s discrete, inefficient performance in the presence of stochastic actuation. The supporting simulations for the proposed reference tracking technique are implemented in MATLAB/Simulink tool with numerical as well as graphical analysis results.